Who Is The Categorical Imperative - 882 Words

Carl Zimmer, wrote an essay â€Å"whose life would you save?† that asks why humans make the decisions they make and the philosophy behind it. Zimmer explains that Kant believed that pure reason alone could lead us to moral truths. He declared that it was wrong to use someone for your own ends and that it was right to act only according to principles that everyone could follow. For the sake of understanding who Kant is and his views, the philosopher Kant was a German philosopher and a deontologist; he believed that consequences don’t matter because moral judgment is contained in the act alone. He suggest the Categorical Imperative which means that morality is derived from rationality and all moral judgments are rationally supported. So, just as rational thought leads us to an objective reality, so to as there is an objective morality we can locate through the same process. Kant believes that the Categorical Imperative is a universal moral law that holds up regardless of context and circumstance. What’s right is right and what’s wrong is wrong. The Categorical Imperative is divided into three maxims. The first is universality, which means that you should only do something if it would be okay if everybody did it all the time. You would know if what you were doing is correct if you would be okay with everyone else on the earth doing the exact same thing. The second maxim is that every human being must be treated as an end rather than a means to an end. You are never allowed toShow MoreRelatedKants Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Moral803 Words   |  4 PagesFundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals is the categorical imperative. The conception of an objective principle, in so far as it is obligatory for a will, is called a command (of reason), and the formula of the command is called an Imperative. (Abbott, 30) An imperative is something that a will ought or shall do because the will is obligated to act in the manner in which it conforms with moral law. The categorical imperative is an obligation by the will to act so that the action canRead MoreKantian Ethics And The Categorical Imperative Essay1581 Words   |  7 PagesEnlightenment Era German philosopher discusses his most famous ethical theory, the â€Å"Categorical Imperative.† The â€Å"Categorical Imperative† is a proposed universal law in stating all humans are forbidden from certain actions regardless of consequences. Although this is the general definition of this ethical theory, the Categorical Imperative† exists in two above formulations, A strict interpretation of Categorical Imperative and a more liberal interpretation. This Kantian moral theory shapes almost allRead More Kants Categorical Imperative Essay1537 Words   |  7 PagesKants Categorical Imperative Deontology is the ethical view that some actions are morally forbidden or permitted regardless of consequences. One of the most influential deontological philosophers in history is Immanuel Kant who developed the idea of the Categorical Imperative. Kant believed that the only thing of intrinsic moral worth is a good will. Kant says in his work Morality and Rationality â€Å"The good will is not good because of what it affects or accomplishes or because of it’s adequacyRead MoreTheory Of Morality As A System Of Hypothetical Imperatives Essay1540 Words   |  7 PagesHypothetical Imperatives†, Philippa Foot argues against Immanuel Kant, that morality exists in hypothetical imperatives rather than categorical imperatives. For Kant, categorical imperatives alone serve as moral commands, and it would be impossible for a moral system to be based on hypothetical imperatives because such imperatives serve as means to ends and result from maxims that cannot be universalized in to perfect duties. Despite this, Foot holds that acting on many hypothetical imperatives can be morallyRead More Kants Fundamental Principles Of The Metaphysics Of Moral Essay792 Words   |  4 PagesFundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals is the categorical imperative. â€Å"The conception of an objective principle, in so far as it is obligatory for a will, is called a command (of reason), and the formula of the command is called an Imperative.† (Abbott, 30) An imperative is something that a will ought or shall do because the will is obligated to act in the manner in which it conforms with moral law. The categorical imperative is an obligation by the will to act so that the action canRead More Kant and the Categorical Imperative Essay897 Words   |  4 PagesKant and the Categorical Imperative Kant tried to develop a theory of ethics which relied on reason rather than emotion. While he was not anti-religious, he wanted an ethical system which was not clouded by religion, emotion or personal interpretation. He placed emphasis on motives behind an action rather than, like the Utilitarians, the consequences of an action. He believed that consequences were no guide to whether an action was moral or not. His theory is known asRead MoreKant And The Moral Law1451 Words   |  6 Pagescare about that child s well-being and because we are motivated by the moral law to do what is right. Kant would disagree with those who do the right thing for the wrong reason. We, as a society and individuals in that society, should act in ways not because it’s easy for us or more favourable, but because its right and moral. 4) The Categorical Imperative: We see that Kant establishes that a moral action effectively consists of a moral intention motivating that action. Therefore, doing theRead MoreA Critique of the Categorical Imperative1689 Words   |  7 PagesA Critique of the Categorical imperative Immanuel Kant was without doubt one of the most influential Philosophers of his time. He was born in Koinsberg, Prussia on the 22nd of April 1724, and died on the 12th of February 1804 at the age of 79. Throughout his life Kant contributed his ideas to many major fields of Philosophy; however his biggest contribution was to the realm of ethics, when he developed the concept of the categorical imperative. He first introduced this idea in 1785 in a book he titledRead MoreThe Ethical Philosophy Of Immanuel Kant1532 Words   |  7 Pageswield reason and rationality as morally autonomous beings. These obligations manifest to Kant in the distinctive forms of the Categorical Imperative. The Categorical Imperative is an unconditional demand of an action regardless of context or circumstance. For Kant, this was an absolute moral law that stands as do X objectively as you are obligated to. The Categorical Imperative must be known a priori, meaning knowledge that is independent of experience or justification. However, judgement itself cannotRead More Philippa Foots Hypothetical Imperatives Essay1261 Words   |  6 PagesPhilippa Foots Hypothetical Imperatives Philippa Foot finds trouble with the arguments of Kant, who said that it was necessary to distinguish moral judgments from hypothetical imperatives. Although this may have become an unquestionable truth, Foot says that this is a misunderstanding. Kant defined a hypothetical imperative as an action that addresses what should or ought to be done. He believed that the necessity of performing a certain action was based on other desires. This particular

Preventing Mass School Shootings Essay - 1424 Words

In order to solve the problem of violence in schools, we must first find out who the problem is. Being that not every teenager is prone to participate in such violent acts as what happened at Columbine, there must be specific environment imposed on a particular biology to turn a teenager into an Eric Harris or a Dylan Klebold. These are not normal, healthy teenagers, and they don’t just become killers overnight. They become killers because they are already deeply disturbed individuals who can be sent over the edge by all sorts of innocuous influences. Violent teens often have specific characteristics that put them at high risk for committing these crimes. These high risked students may display some of the following traits. First,†¦show more content†¦(Juhnke et. Al., 1999) Although substance abuse does not cause students to be violent, students under the influence of psychoactive substances often fail to think logically and experience increased impulsivity. Th erefore a strong correlation exists between substance abuse and violent behavior. Undoubtedly, all these risk factors by themselves will not identify every violent student. However, the risk factors can be used as an aid in assessing students at risk of violence behavior. What Causes Violence? Assessing potentially violent students is one thing, but determining what is causing these high-risk teens to act out is another. Numerous reasons have been suggested as to why teenagers kill. One possibility could be the media. This includes music, movies, books and video games. Social science research conducted over the past 40 years supports the conclusion that viewing violent television programming has negative consequences for children, and the research suggests three factors in which watching violent television programs can impact young viewers. (Aidman, 1997) These factors say that media violence can encourage children to learn aggressive behavior and attitudes, media violence can cultivate fearful or pessimistic attitudes in children about the non- television world, and media violence can desensitize children to real-world and fantasy violence. One very controversial music artist made headlines when the Columbine massacre occurred. From day one,Show MoreRelated We Must Work to Prevent Mass School Shootings Essay1394 Words   |  6 Pages There have been many horror stories in the news about mass shootings at schools. The public, and even the president of the United States, is asking if anything can be done to prevent these tragedies. There are many theories on why students kill their peers at schools; these range from increased violence in video games and movies to bullying troubles at school. Almost always, the perpetrator suffers from some form of mental illness (Khadaroo). Because of this, motives for these crimes areRead MoreHow Laws Towards Violence And Schools Should Be Conceived? A Way That Will Implement Strategies And Methods Essay1321 Words   |  6 Pagesbeen an increase of violent situations occurring within the school setting. Due to this increase, laws have been enacted in order help minimally alleviate and help respond to the violence that occurs within schools. However, violent events within the schools is still a major problem encountered by educators, administrators, parents, and students. The common acts of violence that occur range from simple threats all the way to mass shootings and suicide. Unfortunately, the current laws simply cover actsRead MoreSchool Shootings : Causes And Consequences Of School Shootings895 Words   |  4 Pages School Shootings â€Å"An average of 9,289 people shot dead by a gun, or 774 a month, 178 a week, 25 a day, or a little more than one per hour,† statistics from (Sandy Hook Effect Articles.) School shootings are one of the most tragic events, from Columbine in 1999 to Sandy Hook in 2012, to many more recent ones today. Colleges to high schools and even to elementary schools, there is always a threat and a possibility of having a shooting. While shootings are not predictable, schools should stillRead MoreGun Control: The Prevention of Mass Shootings Essay1415 Words   |  6 Pagesshould be banned to prevent mass shootings and lower crime rates, while being supported by history and the constitution. An ever increasing emphasis on the prevention of mass shootings has presented the option of gun control and bans. Mass shootings have occurred many times throughout history, but have become more prevalent as the spread of information increased through new forms of media. Two recent mass shootings are at Columbine High School and Sandy Hook Elementary School. At Columbine, Dylan KlieboldRead MoreCritical Analysis Of The Sandy Hook School Shooting1520 Words   |  7 PagesOn the morning of December 14, 2012, a lone shooter entered Sandy Hook elementary school and killed 26 people. This heinous crime is America’s deadliest mass shooting at a grade school and the fourth-deadliest mass shooting by a single person. Throughout the country, American citizens were mournful and regretful as media outlets released the details of what transpired. Police investigators, media reporters, and American citizens were left wondering how could this have happened and how could we haveRead MoreTh e Debate Over The State Of Texas Essay1369 Words   |  6 Pagesparticularly on the issues of mass shootings and gun control. When it comes to gun control laws, opinions are unequivocally divided between republicans and democrats. Republicans venerate and sharply defend the Second Amendment of the Constitution as right of the people to defend themselves, while Democrats yell desperately for gun restriction laws and even a change to the Second Amendment, these with the purpose of getting guns out of the streets and preventing other mass shootings. The difference on perspectivesRead MoreSchool Shootings : School And Community Violence Trends And Reviewing Evidence On Best Practices Essay1564 Words   |  7 Pages Abstract School shootings have generated great public concern and fostered a widespread impression that schools are unsafe for many students; this article counters those misapprehensions by examining empirical evidence of school and community violence trends and reviewing evidence on best practices for preventing school shootings. Many of the school safety and security measures deployed in response to school shootings have little research support, and strategies such as zero-tolerance disciplineRead MoreThe Crime Of Gun Control1632 Words   |  7 PagesIs there a more heinous act than to kill a child? After an event like a school shooting, our anger drives us to seek different ways to prevent a similar event from ever happening again. In an attempt to do so, we focus on guns as the cause of the problem and try to put more regulations in place. Who would not want regulations on gun ownership and establish places where guns are prohibited, like schools, if it would prevent or help reduce th ese crimes from happening? However, statistics have shownRead MoreThe Violence Of Public Schools871 Words   |  4 PagesIn recent times, several mass shootings have occurred in several places. Sadly, public schools in America have been venues for these mass shootings. How do we reduce these shootings? How do we ensure that the lives of our kids are safe? These are the questions parents all over America are asking. A lot of suggestions have been made to the government concerning the issue of mass shootings. Some say government have to ban the purchase of guns, others say there should be background checks, while othersRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control1303 Words   |  6 Pagesyear of 2014 a young man Travon martin passed away and it became a question of gun control. Gun laws are the cause of much of the violent crime in the United States and it needs to change who Is illegal interactions transportation of guns and mass shootings around the United States. Many people question the guns around our society and people asking the cause of or having a gun. We have gun control to protect our amendment to bar arms and for other people’s safety and questions. Here is how people

Literature Review of Cloud Computing Services †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Literature Review of Cloud Computing. Answer: The concept of Cloud computing has emerged as the revolution which can be implemented by the business organizations for the execution and attainment of the varied objectives and targets such as delivery of computing services to the connected servers and the networks, storing, safety and security of databases, networking. Cloud computing consists of the software and systems which can be utilized by the entities in a number of operations, analytics. Cloud providers are the name which has been accustomed to the institutions that provide these services and an amount or a kind of fees has been charged by the service providers which are based on the usage of the systems and the mechanisms. According to Baiju (2014) Cloud storage is the mechanism where the data is stored, backed, maintained and managed. It is a facility for the service users of storing their data and files online and after that they can access those files from any corner of the world. As per the survey it has been found out that more than 800 business corporations have gained competitive advantage by the adoption of this service. A number of small and large business corporations have been waiting since long for the systems like cloud. Despite the system has been proven advantageous for the business corporations many of the business corporations have confusion and a doubt regarding the adoption of this system for carrying out the operational activities and storing the confidential files. The below carried out research report has been presented by the Help-desk LLC and this research has been focused on defining the system and also determination of cloud computing. A brief description has been provided about the concept of Cloud computing. The concept has been considered as the same it was in earlier times with a slight change in the name has done. This concept has been found to be adopted and utilized by the entities from last many years. As per the research many of the business corporations are been ob served who are making use of this mechanism. There is a server which is linked with a number of computers and desktops which are networked to the server. There is also another system which has been used and is known as hardware layer and which is also typically referred to as "the network," or "the information systems." The cloud system has minimized the need of networking in the offices at a greater extent. A numerous benefits are there which can be attained by the adoption of this system and from them one of the biggest aid is to the network as it can be easily accessible from anywhere and anyone one can have access to the Internet, this makes the company in running mode for 24/7. Also it can be accessed from any of the device or mechanism which can be made easily available i.e. laptop, iPad, mobile phone, etc. The best suitable example is Google Docs. This is one of the most common use of cloud computing service by an individual or a business entity i.e. this system will be made in use while submitting of the confidential and important documents to Google Docs via the Internet. Moreover there is another suitable example which can describe the functioning of this system; it can be used by average small business person. The owner of the small scale business wont be having big investing amounts in the establishment of an in-house network and also the entire business operations should running for a short period of time. So here the service of cloud computing can be used as the expenses will be on the usage of the system and the service. The expenses are basically pay-as-you-go means as per the use and are also based on the amount of storage space and computing power that you use. The below mentioned are the elaborated advantages and drawbacks of cloud computing: Most economical Introduction of the cloud computing services has brought reduction or minimization in a number of expenses which were earlier incurred by the business organizations. The mechanism does not even require huge investments and heavy expenses to be spent by the entities on the establishment and setting up. The expenses are too low as the system does not involve any kind hardwares, equipment and infrastructure to be fixed within. Also no expenditure is to be made for the installations of the desktops, laptops or some type of device to access the Internet (levelcloud. 2017). Moreover there are some of the expenses which are required to be spent on the implementation and maintenance of the private and the companys own in-house networking and which is very minimum or low. The concept has to be recognized as a vital and significant one for many small scale business corporations too. But there are some expenses which are to be incurred while maintaining the in-house network. Th ese expenses are enormous and it has also been observed that they are increasing day-by-day. Moreover there are other related costs and expenses which are essentially to be incurred by the corporation at the time of installation of the software and hardware upgrades and also the maintenance and providing training on the related topics to the employees. The above mentioned are the services and the responsibilities which are expected to be rendered and to be fulfilled by the service providers of the cloud systems and also the costs and the expenses are to be incurred by them only. Renting vs Owning is the concept which can be referred for developing an understanding which is related to the concept of expenses computing services. The service providers of the cloud computing services are always required to be with an essential and sufficient storage of all the required resources and which are to be utilized by the business client for a monthly or annual fee which has been charged by the service provider at the beginning. And this concept has been referred as similar and which is also common to as the Software-as-a-Service (or SaaS) model is a common concept which has also been found similar to the cloud computing system. In this concept the company is required to pay for the use of the service which can also be said as you pay as you go. Disaster recovery: It has been recommended on a high priority to have a data back-up ready in case of any emergency (Baiju. 2014). Cloud computing tis the system which can be proven as a beneficial option for the business corporations as the system stores and saves the files or the data stored in it and further it can provide the same data in the emergency situation. Flexibility Flexibility is one of the biggest advantages of this mechanism. As mentioned above the business organization is required to pay the amount or the charge for the time duration or for the part of the service which they have used. The business corporations are provided with a limited flexibility for the use of the system and the service for which they have already paid an amount. For example if an individual or a business firm has small capital for investments and starting up a business, so for this scenario the owners can make use of small cloud computing packages and services. Further an increase can be done in the use of the computing services as the business activities and the operations keeps on growing. And after a particular growth in the business income the owners can also opt for a bigger package of computing services. Setting-up of an automatic scale for the essential and required resource for the business corporation has also been done by some of the cloud servic e providers (stratospherenetworks. 2017). Also the business organizations can make necessary changes and modifications in the infrastructure. These modifications can be into making the network private network, public, or a combination of both. Accessibility Access to the data at required moment is very much important. Cloud computing has provided this service to the business organization to access the data regardless of where the company stands or is operating in the world. The employees or the needed one can have access on the data or the operations which are based on cloud computing mechanism. The access will be granted to the desired by just clearing a complicated remote login procedures and which are required for the in- this purpose the most needed tool is a device that can provide access to the data or the information required through the web and an Internet connection which will be controlling the systems. This means the employees or the staff in the organization can have access anywhere and at any-time, from home, office or on the road at a client's office. Sustainability Business are prone to number of issues and risks at any-time. There are a number of issues which can be faced by the business such as a natural disaster which can strike the business at any time. But cloud computing is the mechanism which has emerged as the solution to this problem of risks due to natural disasters. By making use of this mechanism the company can feel risk free as the data which can be pertained to risk is stored somewhere else (Vishwanathan. 2017). But this advantage can also turn into negative if the disaster directly hits the cloud computing service. Security of Your Data The cloud computing system have been used by the business organizations for storing the confidential data and also safeguarding the same form various types of risks. But some-times the system fails to protect the data. And this has become as the prime or the main concern which is related to cloud computing systems. In simpler terms, the data or the confidential information that used to reside within the four walls of the business corporation now resides elsewhere and security and safety of the same is must. Addressing the security of the data must be done on priority basis and this is required to be done with care as the data stored in the cloud systems contains trade secrets of a number of business organizations, proprietary lists, files of the consumers and their records etc. There has been an estimate provided by the researchers that more that 60% of the service providers of cloud said that data security should be the responsibility of the end-user, Whereas on the other hand on the basis of another survey it has been inferred that about 35% of the end-users agreed that they should be held responsible for the duty of data security (Sotto, Treacy and McLellan, 2010). And on the basis of both the survey it can be clearly observed that there is a sense of inequality between cloud providers and cloud users about the concept of the security and the responsibility of the same. It should be in the mind of the business corporations who have been making use of the data that their confidential information stored in the computing systems is vulnerable to compromise and is exposed to risk at any-time. Author has described that as the companies and the service providers both have an idea about the risks and dangers they should also be prepared with the proper measures and precautions which are necessarily required to be taken right from the start has been considered as an important step for the business organization. Whereas in case of the small bus iness organizations who do not have adequate resources and right amount of investment for protecting their data from the risks. For this situation the cloud providers should offer a reasonably priced off-site solution which may be right for certain applications. Costs When Under Attack On the basis of the survey and the above research cloud computing is the tool which has to be considered as the low cost incurring mechanism. The system also provides some sought of additional benefits to the business entities. But in some scenarios it can be reason due to which the company will incur a number of additional expenses. For example, if a company's website comes under a distributed denial of service i.e. (D-DOS) attack. The reason behind this attack is that the typical goal of a D-DOS attack is to gobble up resources and which is done for rendering the server incapacitated. If the cloud computing provider has no precautions to fight against the risk of DDoS attacks, when the site is attacked, then service provider will have to simply begin to increase the resources that the site will be requiring during the attack and the cloud provider will charge for the extra resources used and which naturally will bring an increase in the expenses. It is of v ery much significance for the business corporation to ask the provider what kind of provisions they have to protect against this type of attack. Fluctuations in the performance level As the cloud system is globally operated and at a time the system and the applications running on servers for the business organizations are simultaneously used by other business corporations, the same applications are involved in providing the resources to other businesses too. Hence there will be fluctuations in the requirements and the demands made by the each and every user and which will develop impacts on the performance of the business organization and the share of the resources will be also on a varying note. Often, the service providers may claim that the resources available with the business entities are unlimited (azure.microsoft. 2017). This may be theoretically true, but from a practical point of view the hardware scalability is probably limited. In the light of the above carried out research it can be concluded that the concept of cloud computing has to be considered as the most significant concept in terms of storing and safeguarding the confidential data of the business corporations for future references. Moreover it has been also considered as the new concept in the context of maturity and adoption. There has been a number of changes and predictions made under which the business corporations will undergo in the future, in terms of resources, issues, risks, and ultimately best practices and standards. Moreover the prime focus of the research has been provided to the benefits and the disadvantages which have been provided by the system. On-demand services can resonate positively with the current university tight budgets across the nation and other parts of the world. Further the benefits of the transition to cloud computing have been described in this above carried out reserach along with concerns regarding the general impl ementation of this application. Refrences Baiju, 2014, 5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Cloud storage, Assessed on 1st May 2017, https://bigdata-madesimple.com/5-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-cloud-storage/. levelcloud, 2017, Advantages and disadvantages of cloud computing, Assessed on 1st May 2017, https://www.levelcloud.net/why-levelcloud/cloud-education-center/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-cloud-computing. stratospherenetworks , 2017, Advantages and disadvantages of cloud computing, Assessed on 1st May 2017, https://www.stratospherenetworks.com/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-cloud.html. Vishwanathan, P, 2017, Cloud computing and is it really all that beneficial, Assessed on 1st May 2017, https://www.lifewire.com/cloud-computing-explained-2373125. Sotto, L.J., Treacy, B.C. and McLellan, M.L., 2010. Privacy and Data Security Risks in Cloud Computing.World Communications Regulation Report,5(2), p.38. azure.microsoft, 2017, What is cloud computing, Assessed on 1st May 2017, https://azure.microsoft.com/en-in/overview/what-is-cloud-computing/

Medical Ethics Essays (2944 words) - Medical Ethics,

Medical Ethics Medical Ethics ? Bioethics comprise every possible aspect of health care, medical, moral, social, political, religious, legal and financial? (Weiss 3). This includes the questions raised by new research. It takes a look at the results of that research that is used on patients. It takes into consideration contemporary ideas of personal freedom and human dignity. It deals with growth in medical services available in the United States and the sky rocketing cost. Bioethics also deals with the medical advances in technology that has reshaped traditional medical ethics. Medical ethics have changed drastically over a period of years. From old commandments to new commandments, guidelines that provide structural framework, classic experiments that challenge that framework, or even how things are defined in medical ethics. ?Medical progress goes on, and the perils of progress must be heeded? (Leone 165). Changing times have in turn changed our codes of ethics. There are five old commandments o f ethics and five new commandments of ethics. These commandments come from many years of heavily advised dictates from various people. A commandment by definition is, ? ... a dictate or a strongly advised piece of advice? (Halsey 201). The first traditional commandment is, ? Treat all human life as of equal worth? (Singer 190). This statement is very difficult to follow; almost no person believes this statement whole-heartedly. The statement makes more sense on paper or just being heard, but its application in life is almost impossible to ensure. In comparison to the first old ethic, the first new ethic states, ?Recognize that the worth of human life varies? (Singer 190). This statement allows for variation and livability in society. It gives way for someone to say, if a person is a vegetable, has no vital capabilities, this person?s life is of no worth anymore. Without this sort of change in today?s advancing civilization, it would make it ethically wrong to ?pull the plug? (Rothst ein 1698.) The next commandment of old ethics is, ? Never intentionally take innocent human life? (Singer 192). If a doctor or any health care professional just stood by during the birth of a child and both the child and the mother were dying, how could that doctor stand there and watch both the mother and the infant die without taking some method of action. However, if that physician were to save either patient while sacrificing the life of the other, that health care professional would be considered unethical and scorned by the standard of this ethical commandment. In comparison, the new commandment states, ?Take responsibility for the consequences of your decisions?(Singer 195). By the token of this declaration a physician can make a choice based on his/her best judgment, yet; be held accountable for their actions. This gives a doctor the power to use his/her best judgment and knowledgeable skills, to do what they believe is best for the patient. This statement allows for a perso n?s right to free will, even a person who is a Christian may more fully agree with this statement just for the pure reason that they want to believe more in God?s promise of free will in their life. Commandment number four states,? Be fruitful and multiply? (Singer 198). This biblical injunction has been a part of Christian ethics for thousands of years. ? Augustine said that sexual intercourse without procreation ` turns the bridal chamber into a brothel (Singer 198). Some laws in America concerning contraceptives survived until the mid- 1960?s when the Supreme Court declared them invasion of privacy (Madsen 325). The revised commandment number four, ?Bring children into the world only if they are wanted? (Singer 199), allows for population control as well as prevention of children who were never wanted and not loved. From 1930 when the population was two billion to today where the population is over five billion and is expected to rise above eleven billion by the middle of the nex t century. With these kinds of statistics revised dictates, such as this fourth one, are essential. The final of these five old commandments state, ? Treat all human life as always more precious than any non-human life? (Singer 201). If we compare a severely defective human infant with a